After the death of her husband, she may well have ruled Egypt briefly under the name pharaoh Smenkhkare (ruled 1336–1334 BCE). The period from the 13th year of Akhenaten's reign to the ascension of Tutankhaten is very murky. In December 2012, the Leuven Archaeological Mission announced the discovery of a hieratic inscription in a limestone quarry that mentions a building project in Amarna. [23] While this was a step forward in establishing a feminine king, it also sparked a new debate regarding which evidence related to Meritaten and which to Smenkhkare. In marrying her, the son will become King of Egypt. (the inscription was found in a limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis, just north of Dayr al-Barshā, which is north of Amarna.)[47]. As the adjacent image shows, the differences in the feminine and standard forms are minimal: an extra feminine 't' glyph either in the name or epithet (or both as in #94) that can be lost over time or simply misread especially on smaller items. His Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) divided the rulers into dynasties, which forms the basis of the modern system of dating Ancient Egypt. Opinion is more divided on the placement and nature of the reign of Smenkhkare. Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure/-Waenre/-Aten Neferneferuaten was a name used to refer to either Meritaten or, more likely, Nefertiti. [50] The inscription would argue against a coregency of more than about a year—if any exists at all—since the inscription attests to Nefertiti's position as Akhenaten's queen just before the start of Akhenaten's final year. [30][39][62] Since much of her funeral equipment was used in Tutankhamen's burial, it seems fairly certain she was denied a pharaonic burial by her successor. Meketaten is believed to have been born about year 4 when is she first depicted. The reigns of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were very brief and left little monumental or inscriptional evidence to draw a clear picture of political events. [71], Details for the Dakhamunzu/Zannanza affair are entirely from Hittite sources written many years after the events. Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon, on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain. Without grandchildren, there is less to support the older age estimates. A number of items in Tutankhamun's tomb (KV62) were originally intended for Neferneferuaten. They were also the first to forge peace treaties on record, use calendars, toothpaste, door locks and plow, invent eye-makeup, design world's first writing language (hieroglyphics), pop breath mints and shave and cut hair. Nefertiti was born in 1370 BCE in the Egyptian city of Thebes. Dodson then speculates that she may later have shared Tutankhamun's regnal dating, in effect deferring senior status at least nominally to him. When Meritaten gave birth to a girl, Akhenaten may have then tried with Meketaten, whose death in childbirth is depicted in the royal tombs. If her entire image was replaced it would mean Nefertiti was replaced by someone else called King Neferneferuaten and perhaps that she died. Since Tutankhamun was only born in the 12th year of Akhenaten, it is still possible that Akhenaten was the real father, even if he was very young. Also D. Redford, Nicholas Reeves, The Gold Mask of Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, Vol.7 No.4, (December 2015) pp.77-79 & click. Tutankhamun, king of ancient Egypt known chiefly for his intact tomb, which was discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922. Based on the Pairi inscription dated to her Third Regnal Year, it appears she enjoyed a sole reign. Ring bezels and scarabs bearing his name found, only show the city was still inhabited during his reign. [19] There are several stele depicting a king along with someone else—often wearing a king's crown—in various familiar, almost intimate scenes. [81][82] In 2015, Reeves published evidence showing that an earlier cartouche on Tutankhamun's famous gold mask read, "Ankheperure mery-Neferkheperure" or (Ankheperure beloved of Akhenaten); therefore, the mask originally was made for Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, who used the royal name Ankheperure when she assumed the throne after her husband's death. The recently discovered inscription mentioning Nefertiti as queen in year 16 shows that the Amarna Period may yet have secrets and clues to divulge. One implication then, is there may have been resistance to the choice of Neferneferuaten, or such resistance was anticipated. [49] This would also affect various details of the Amarna succession theories proposed. That is, evidence typically associated with a royal residence is lacking: there are no stamped bricks, reliefs, or paintings; he is not mentioned or depicted in any private tombs, cult stela, royal depictions, or documents; the result is that there is no evidence of King Tutankhaten in Amarna at all. Later, the French Egyptologist Marc Gabolde noted that several items from the tomb of Tutankhamun, which had been originally inscribed for Neferneferuaten and read as "...desired of Ahkenaten" were originally inscribed as Akhet-en-hyes or "effective for her husband". King Tut … With the presence of Tutankhamun, Miller points out Meritaten "would presumably have needed the backing of some powerful supporter(s) to carry out such a scheme as the tahamunzu episode, one is left with the question of why this supporter would have chosen to throw his weight behind such a daring scheme". Remains of painted plaster bearing the kingly names of Neferneferuaten found in the Northern Palace, long believed to be the residence of Nefertiti, supports the association of Nefertiti as the king. Not impossible that if this was the case Smenkhkare could be the son of Kiya and Akhenaten. Merit-Aten would have had no such need, nor would she need to adopt pharaonic airs such as a double cartouche simply to act on behalf of her husband. Reeves sees Nefertiti ruling independently for some time before Tutankhamun and has identified her as Dahamunzu of the Hittite letter-writing episode. Things remained in this state until the early 1970s when English Egyptologist John Harris noted in a series of papers, the existence of versions of the first cartouche that seemed to include feminine indicators. Allen noted another nuance in the names: the reed (jtn) glyph in 'Neferneferuaten' always is reversed to face the seated-woman determinative at the end of the name when associated with the Nefertiti form. [27] Finally, the less common 'Akhenaten-less' versions represented a period of sole reign for Neferneferuaten. These can be taken to represent that the two were coregents, as was thought to be the case initially, however, the scene in the tomb of Meryre is not dated and Akhenaten is neither depicted nor mentioned in it. There is also little that can be said with certainty about the life and reign of Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. If this person is Nefertiti ruling as sole pharaoh, it has been theorized by Egyptologist and Archaeologist Dr. Zahi Hawass that her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.[4]. Next comes "his daughter Acencheres for 12 years 1 month then her brother Rathotis for 9 years". Many encyclopedic sources and atlases will show Smenkhkare succeeding Akhenaten on the basis of tradition dating back to 1845, and some still conflate Smenkhkare with Neferneferuaten. The focus now shifts to the identity of Neferneferuaten, with each candidate having its own advocate(s), a debate which may never be settled to the satisfaction of all. Hebrew Religious Leader, Lawgiver, Prophet, Former Director of IAEA & Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Actor, Film actor, Singer, Musician, Model. The result is that 3,300 years later, scholars would have to piece together events and even resurrect the players bit by bit with the evidence sometimes limited to palimpsest. Based on the grounds of its location and state of completion, Dodson thinks that the depiction of Smenkhkare in the tomb of Meryre cannot date to later than Year 13/14 or Year 14/15 of Akhenaten at the latest. The exact succession cannot be resolved without evidence to more clearly fix Smenkhkare's place in time and role (coregent only or king). Having died unexpectedly in his 19th year, he achieved little aside from abandoning Akhetaton for Memphis and foregoing the cult of … Smenkhkare then takes the masculine form of her prenomen upon gaining the throne through marriage to her. [75] Still without a male heir, Akhenaten next tried with Ankhesenpaaten who also bears him a girl (also with titles attesting to Akhenaten as father). Allen suggests that perhaps Meketaten's first appearance—and perhaps that of the other daughters—was on the occasion of being weaned at age three in which case her age at death would be the more likely 13 or 14, an argument Dodson also adopts in Amarna Sunset. The simple association of names is not always indicative of a coregency. They are accompanied by four empty cartouches—enough for two kings—one of which seems to have been squeezed in. [79] If the grandchildren are not his or are indeed fictitious, with no progression through his daughters to arrive at Neferneferuaten-tasherit, his choice of her as coregent at least remains a mystery, if not less likely. As a result, proponents of one theory can assign him a place in time and role with little to argue against it while others can take a wholly different perspective. [62] This view places Smenkhkare after Neferneferuaten, which requires the Meryre depiction to be drawn 5–6 years after the 'Durbar' depiction it is alongside, and several years after work on tombs had stopped. On the Hittite side, it assumes that Suppiluliuma was not only willing to risk the consequences if the plot were uncovered, but rather than merely shrewd, Suppiluliuma was ruthless in the extreme and willing to risk the life of his son on a precarious endeavor where he suspected trickery. Berlin 25574 depicts what clearly seems to be Akhenaten and Nefertiti wearing her flat top headpiece. [69], The Smenkhkare/Zannanza version garners little support among Egyptologists. [58] With Neferneferuaten scarcely attested outside Amarna and Tutankaten scarcely attested at Amarna, a coregency or regency seems unlikely. Theis, Christoffer Der Brief der Königin Daḫamunzu an den hethitischen König Šuppiluliuma I. im Lichte von Reisegeschwindigkeiten und Zeitabläufen, in: Thomas R. Kämmerer (Hrsg. [35], The apparent use of her name made her an obvious candidate even before Neferneferuaten's gender was firmly established. James Allen also offered a possible explanation for the use of the same throne name by two successive kings. [10] As with many things of this period, the evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive. They were usually in the form of "desired of ...", but were occasionally replaced by "effective for her husband". Note that aside from rings, the feminine form Ankh-et-kheperure, as yet, is never found in a royal cartouche. For instance, Dodson cites the Meryre depiction to relegate him to a short-lived coregent circa Year 15, with little firm evidence to argue against it. Tutankhamun was born around 1342 B.C., in the royal Egyptian dynasty, to King Akhenaten. She is a less attractive candidate now that the Year 16 graffito for Queen Nefertiti has been verified. After his death, she adopts full pharoanic prerogatives to continue to rule as King Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. [40] As it is, the scene seems to be another of the royal family including at least Meritaten. About that time, Akhenaten began attempting to father his own grandchildren. [33] One theory from the 1970s held that Nefertiti was masquerading as the male King Smenkhkare,[34] a view still held by a few—as late as 2001 by Reeves [20] and until 2004 by Dodson. The primary argument against Meritaten either as Krauss's pro tempore Ankh-et-kheprure before marriage to Smenkhkare or as Akhenaten's coregent King Neferneferuaten is that she is well attested as wife and queen to Smenkhkare. She is thought to have been about ten at the time of Akhenaten's death,[77] but Allen suggests that some daughters may have been older than generally calculated based on their first depicted appearance. The name Neferneferuaten replaced Nefertiti's name on it. In a 1994 paper, Allen suggested that the different rendering of the names may well indicate two individuals not a single person: "..the evidence itself does not demand an identification of Smenkh-ka-re with Nefer-neferu-aton, and in fact the insistence that the two sets of names must belong to a single individual only weakens each case."[2]. With so much evidence expunged first by Neferneferuaten's successor, then the entire Amarna period by Horemheb, and later in earnest by the kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty, the exact details of events may never be known. His work has been lost and is known only in fragmentary form from later writers quoting his work. The floor of the royal tomb intended for her, although apparently not used, shows signs of cuts being started for the final placement of her coffin. Such was the ingenuity of the Egyptians. Dodson proposes that, in that role, Neferneferuaten helped guide the reformation in the early years of Tutankhaten and conjectures that her turn around is the result of her 'rapid adjustment to political reality'. It is completely without inscription, but since they do not look like Tutankhamun nor his queen, they are often assumed to be Smenkhkare and Meritaten, but Akhenaten and Nefertiti are sometimes put forth as well. Regnal year 3, third month of Inundation, day 10. King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Ankhkheperure Mery-Neferkheperre

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