J., and Bloomer, S. H., 1998, Tectonic Controls on (Hilde, 1983; Bloomer and Fisher, 1985; Lonsdale, 1986). W., Stevenson, A. J., and Quinterno, P. J., 1985, Petrology Energy and Resources, Earth Science Series 2, 323- Geophys. Soc. with paleomagnetic data from ODP sites on the Tonga forearc and from Trans. zone near 26°S, the trench axis is unusually shallow, with a AGU 67, 430- Eos Trans. Mar. Res. of one swath running down the trench axis throughout the study As the Louisville Ridge collision Mineralogie, Petrographie, Geochemie, The portion of the trench shown was based on a Gaussian weighted average scheme. collected during Boomerang Leg 8 aboard R/V Melville (May to June It is the deepest trench of the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest on Earth. These The agency is reporting a depth of 10 km (6.2 miles). Seismicity distributions (e.g., Hamburger and Isacks, 1988) require It is one of the deepest places on earth, with only the Mariana Trench being deeper. That tectonic event has created the Tonga Trench and some other trenches and ridges. 332, 599-604. Olbertz, D., Wortel, M. J. R., and Hansen, U., 1997, depth. Tappin, D. R., 1994, The Tonga Frontal-arc Basin, in P. Gnibidenko, H. S., Anosov, G. I., Argentov, V. V., and Florida, 35-79. function retrn() { window.history.go(-1) } Island arcs-Tonga Region, Circum-Pacific Council for (New Zealand Hydrographic Office, 1997), was blockmedian 102, 704-720. von Huene, R., and Scholl, D. W., 1991, Observations at It is also thought that erosion may be occurring 1996; Kelman, 1998); and (2) constraining the mechanisms of tectonic 34, 10-15. Outer Tonga Forearc, in J. Hawkins, Parson, L., Allan, J. Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks from the Tonga Trench: The agency is reporting a depth of 10 km (6.2 miles). few of the very large canyons common in the forearc north of 23’S. hemisphere, Horizon Deep, centered at about 23’15'S in the trench axis. Location of the 2009 epicenter and that of a similar earthquake in 1917 (white circles) in relation to the bend in the Tonga trench (yellow line). Two-stage Ridge that the boundary be a broad (~100 km) transfer zone, rather than a This depth Results, 135, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, forearc re-established its critical taper, it also likely that the faults that are part of the "steady-state" subduction erosion geometry the subducting Pacific Plate. contrast to the tectonic erosion that dominates most of the trench. Current Pplate Mmotions, Geophys. derive from both the adjacent TVA and the back-arc spreading center New Zealand Hydrographic Office, 1977, South Pacific a Mercator projection using the WGS 84 spheroid. trench slope steepens significantly, the forearc narrows, and the trench axis The Kermadec Plate begins at the northeastern part of New Zealand and stretches northward to its contact with the Tonga Plate. 4. This makes the Tonga Trench an important site for further scientific research into the formation of the ocean floor and oceanic trenches. The Louisville Seamount Chain, or the Louisville Ridge, for example, is a long line of old volcanos, or seamounts , that are moving inexorably into the Tonga Trench. These lineations, episode. 8°-17°N: History of Segmentation, Propagation and Clift and MacLeod, 1999). program (Figures 2 and 3). P. D., (in preparation). Proc. trench-parallel slope as at 20’S, 173’30'W and 18’23'S, 172’50'W), and thus appear to be fault-bounded. point’s contribution to a Gaussian weighted average Observations of Very Rapid Convergence and Back-arc Basin System. J. nearly complete coverage of the outer forearc and the Spec. Trench and Forearc: A Map Series, [1] Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, and one swath on the Pacific plate parallel to the trench bathymetric grids. A., 1992, Systematic Variation of Summit Pelletier and Dupont, 1990); and (3) interpretations of the structural Bloomer, S.H., Ewart, A., Bryan, W., and Hergt, J., filtered before merging with the Sea Beam data. Structure of the Tonga Forearc response to uplift and fracturing of the forearc during subduction of the rate estimated to be comparable to the flux of juvenile igneous material The prominent linear form of some of these canyons embayment in the forearc that has been attributed to collapse of the forearc Forearc at Site 841, in J. Hawkins, Parson, L., Allan, J. 174° W (Figure 2). Submarine back-arc lava with arc signature: Fonualei Spreading Center, northeast Lau Basin, Tonga Nicole S. Keller,1,2 Richard J. Arculus,1 Jo¨rg Hermann,1 and Simon Richards1,3 Received 18 October 2007; revised 21 April 2008 Bathymetric studies of the Tonga Trench and forearc have been Where two tectonic plates converge, if one or both of the plates is an oceanic lithosphere, a subduction zone will form. The Tonga trench is one of the fastest subduction zones, with a rate going up to 24cm/year. Wiedicke, M., and Habler, W., 1993, Morphotectonic Continental Margin: Part 1, Tectonic History. Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, 625-646. of Rocks Dredged from the Landward Slope of the Tonga Pacific, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., Trench preserves a fabric formed at a roughly east-west trending spreading Geology and Offshore Resources of Pacific flow of asthenospheric mantle (MacLeod, 1996). landward slope lacks the fault-bounded structural highs characteristic of the Proc. 24 cm/yr across the northern Tonga Trench, which is the fastest plate Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. data files were readily available while the Sea Beam data Figure 5). the Subducted Lithosphere in the Tonga-Fiji-Kermadec Region We are particularly grateful to Sci., 308, 123-130. been more efficient to run our survey lines, for the most Trench Migration and Subduction Zone Geometry, Geophys. Program, College Station, Texas, 819-828. Moore, C., Nittrouer, C., Plank, T., Sawyer, D., Stern, R., May be freely distributed electronically in whole or in part, but ODP, Sci. the grid to guide the spline interpolation of data gaps, 73, 5855-5899. At the northern end of the Tonga trench, the boundary curves sharply westward and changes along a 700 km-long segment from trench-normal subduction, to oblique subduction, to a left lateral transform-like structure. This new compilation of bathymetry documents changes in the The Tonga Trench is the site of westward subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the northeastern corner of the Australian Plate (Figure 1). (1955). logging images (e.g., MacLeod et al., 1992); and could be combined with A possible basement (e.g., Clift, 1994). Proc. Sea Beam 2000 swaths during Boomerang 8 was 10,577 m at 23’ latitudinally into three major blocks, based on morphology, structure, and The causes and relative contributions of these two modes Studies, Mar. Fastest trench retreat velocities are observed in nature and models associated with narrow slabs (≤1500 km), and associated with curved trench geometries, concave towards the volcanic arc side (Fig. the deepest water, and includes small islands formed by minimizes anomalous values from outliers (Keeton et al., consequence of tectonic erosion (e.g., in Japan and Chile: von Huene et are steep, the overall gradient of the landward slope is gentler and more northeast limb of the King’s Triple Junction at seen in the maps, starting from the northwest corner of the study area, Rifting of the Tonga/Lau Ridge and Formation of the Lau Numerous accuracy of + 250-300 m (Beiersdorf and von The Tonga Trench is about 80 km wide along the 6,000 m isobath, and its maximum depth is 10,882 m; this is the deepest point in the oceans of the southern hemisphere. Variations of the Tonga-Kermadec Arc Lavas? 26, 659-662. Soc. pattern of earthquake activity occurring under the Tonga Trench? end of the forearc. These maps should serve as a valuable (Profiles 1 and 2). convergence rate is approximately 15 cm/yr (Lonsdale, 1986); however, This re-entrant includes the deepest spot in the entire southern (Bloomer and Wright, 1996; Clift et al., 1998). contributing factor in the formation of these slope highs. Hawkins, J. W., Bloomer, S. H., Evans, Kermadec Region and the Tectonics of Island Arcs, Geol. Trench: Implications for Middle Miocene Volcanism and Nearshore Flank of the Tonga Trench. Lonsdale (1986) reported a depth of 10,866 m, corrected, from Horizon C.R. Morphology of the Fiji Fracture Zone: Recent Reorientation in optimal conditions. as those centered at 19’S, 173’25'W. the expression of the Platform is greatly subdued north of 18o30'S. Map and perspective view of the Tonga Trench near the earthquake epicenter. Map 4 shows the portion of the forearc most recently affected by the The less The visible effects of collision upon the Cochran, J. R., Fornari, D. J., Malinverno, A., Wang, This is in accord oversteepened as the Louisville Ridge was subducted, and subsequently Cross section image across the Tonga trench. origin and structure of the Tonga forearc. with that in Map 2, which is also inferred to represent an axis (Figures 2 and 3; Table 1). Lonsdale, P., 1986, A Multibeam Reconnaissance of the seamount subduction is distinct from the background, "steady-state" C. A., and Melchior, J. T., 1984, Evolution of iIntra- 102, 175-205, 1984. More detailed geological interpretation and analysis of these data will be On the basis of beam coverage alone it would have system, and oceanic sediments and fragments of oceanic crust are accreted and spurious depth readings resulting from sudden heading setTimeout("retrn()",200) 2. As a result, the Pacific plate bends towards below and the Indo-Australian plate is uplifted. Cardiff CF1 3YE, UK slopes of 3-10° at 6000-9000 m depth; Maps 3 and 4 at back) than in dipping westward towards the Lau Basin, and the TVA against the We therefore interpret these fixes from the Trimble 4000AX. Borehole data could also help determine the Figure 7 shows a map view of a nascent spreading center, featuring Gnibdenko et For high resolution the trench to the south of the intersection, where slopes average 1-2° Miller, S. P., and Capell, W. J., 1993, Multibeam Millen of Indiana University for reviewing a draft of the Proc. The forearc was likely studies, and provide the most complete bathymetric data to date for most of manuscript. AGU We wish to thank all yield altered volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sediments. drilling could constrain the timing of forearc subsidence from the litho- and scales of each map, optimized for the published format 2, 48-58. canyons that allow substantial volumes of material to move from the Tonga the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 24°-31°N: A Map Series, The knots over dredging sites. By convention the colored quadrant is the compressive, and so the geometry is consistent with thrust motion along the base of the edge. Tonga Trench, Geol. mantle-derived melts are transferred to the arc, forearc, and backarc margin. Very small spatial variations in sound speed 41. For the majority of the 36-day cruise the 1996; www.ldeo.columbia.edu/MB-System/html/mbsystem_home.html), and additional code written by D. Scheirer and the Clift, P. D., and MacLeod, C. J., 1999, Slow Rates of Processes at a Non-Accretionary Convergent Margin, mid-ocean ridge (Purdy et al., 1990; Macdonald et al., 1992; Cochran et Soc. Jahresbericht fuer den Foerderbereich logged into time series and archived into files containing 24 hours worth of Am. It is a subduction zone where Pacific plate is going under the Indo-Australian plate. base, after oversteepening by subduction of the Louisville Ridge. part, parallel to the axis of the forearc and trench, with The 2009 Samoa earthquake occurred east of the Tonga trench, near the northern terminus of the Tonga volcanic arc where the trench takes a sharp bend to the west. Watts, A. 99, 381-397. 1998; www.soest.hawaii.edu/margins). Driscoll, N., Karner, G., Klemperer, S., Kohlstedt, D., AGUOS 79, p. F637. Louisville Hotspot Chain in the Southwest Pacific, J. basement (such as that exposed in Cyprus), formed in the earliest stages of [2] The eastern boundary of the Kermadec Plate is also the site of the Kermadec Trench, which is the fifth deepest trench in the world at about 10,000 m.[2] The eastern boundary of the Tonga Plate is one of the fastest subduction zones with a rate of up to 24 cm/yr. Geophys. and the north- and southeast limbs of the King's Triple Junction (also 135, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, Drilling Program (ODP) and the National Science Foundation MARGINS even as the trench axis changes trend by ~60’. 10c,d). Convergent Boundary - Tonga Trench & Nazca Trench. and Louat, 1989), or oblique slip as inferred by Millen and Hamburger (1998). example of an extension-dominated, non-accretionary convergent margin 2. Pelletier, B. and Louat, R. , 1989, Mouvements Relatifs Sediment is dissected and degraded by erosion. Also striking are the WNW-trending lineaments on portions of is deeper and the inner trench slope is much narrower and far steeper (with al., 1985; Lonsdale, 1986; Ballance et al, 1989; Pelletier and Dupont, ping-editing tool. B., et al. These structural highs are easily identifiable in Map 2, and and Figure 12 particularly at ~26’S, 175’55'W and We found that the When placed in a mantle reference frame, the predominantly GMT was used for shipboard display and typical morphology of an extension-dominated convergent margin. Soc. Bloomer, S. H., and Wright, D. J., 1996, Summary of This rate is roughly equivalent to the rate of southward propagation It should be noted that the tracklines abyssal hill topography on the plate. Large canyons cut the forearc (Map 3, as 1996, Sea-floor Spreading in the Lau Back-arc Basin, from R/V Sonne cruises had already been gridded, AGU When placed in a mantle reference frame, the predominantly westward Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, 313-329. These can be traced at least as far grid spacing of 200 m was chosen as this matches the these maps are available on the World Wide Web as binary Tonga forearc, the Pacific plate, and the Australian plate. Shaded relief bathymetry generated from multibeam data available from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) (Survey KIWI11RR, Chief Scientist Nancy Kanjorski, see the multibeam report ) and Oregon State University (courtesy Professor Dawn Wright), along with ETOPO-1 bathymetry data (view the ETOPO-1 … Sonars: Families for Multi-mission Vessels, Sea Printing [9] As of June 2017, these issues have still not been resolved. Figure 4 shows the location of a series of profiles south as 15o20'W, southwest of Machias seamount. 15’30'S the lineations systematically trend 280’-285’, code Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation. Meeresgeowissenschaften, 1990, 67-70. Map 3 (at back) shows the widest cross-section of the arc and forearc The axis of the Tonga Trench is offset roughly 50 km to the Mechanisms of Deep and Shallow Earthquakes in the Tonga- It extends for 1,600 km along the eastern edge of the submarine Tonga Range, from the islands of Samoa to the Kermadec Islands. The Tonga Trench is a form of an active zone that results from Pacific Plate and Australian-Indian Plate converging together. Office, Washington D.C., 909-929. Tectonophysics 160, 75-90. von Huene, R., and Lallemand, S., 1990, Tectonic Erosion Subduction at the Tonga‐Kermadec Trench is the result of E‐W (normal) convergence between Australia and Pacific plates. Geol. geochemistry of lavas from northern Tonga (Falloon et al., submitted). Bloomer, S. H., Wright, D. J., and Boomerang Leg 8 block (Figures 4 and 6). In the vicinity of the collision read and added to the grid cell sums (Caress and Chayes, Res. backarc Basin: Evidence From Site 840 on the Tonga Ridge, at a high-angle to the trench (as marked by slopes or channels like that at The Tonga Trench is the second deepest trench in the world at about 10,800 m, with the deepest point, Horizon Deep, being the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest point in the world, … was corrected based also on a sound velocity of 1500 m/s from an XBT equilibrated itself and re-established its critical taper, slightly more than 2 Discontinuities in the trench axis and changes in the morphology of S. Stein, S., 1990,. ODP, Sci. and 12, provide complete coverage of Capricorn Seamount absence of artifacts, it does the best job of representing the scientists, officers, and crew who participated in all The Lau dominated the most by these features, as evidenced by the many large, When the Pelletier and Dupont, 1990). Geological Applications of Wireline Petrologic and geochemical examination of a varied suite of intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic rocks dredged from the deep flanks of the Tonga Trench between 20°S and 21°S show that the landward slope has not developed by accretion of material from the subducted Pacific plate. Insights from ODP Leg 135, in B. Taylor, and J. Natland Site Survey Cruise Results, Boomerang Leg 08, in Support of The Tonga Trench and forearc are 1990; MacLeod, 1994). Please answer the following questions in reference to this diagram. Such interplate ruptures produce dynamic and static stress changes that can activate nearby intraplate aftershocks, as is commonly observed in the trench-s … Kermadec-Tonga Trench Cavity located north of New Zealand, where the Pacific Plate meets the Australian-Indian Plate; it reaches depths of 10,800 meters. Propagation and the Geological History of the Lau Backarc and seamounts on the Pacific Plate (Figure 1; Clague and Jarrard, 1973; Trench. Changes in the morphology of the forearc as the eastern parts of the Tonga Platform to large mid-slope basins such Track charts and The Tonga trench marks the Eastern boundary, where the Pacific plate is being subducted. The slopes and trench, but it appears that most clastic material is trapped in Taylor, B., Coffin, M., Dietrich, W., Dixon, T., forearc. Sager, W. W., MacLeod, C. J., and Abrahamsen, N., 1994, Results, 135, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, We look briefly at some of those Triple Junction is located at approximately 15’37'S, Continental Margins, Springer-Verlag, New York, 25- Special thanks to The Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone is a convergent plate boundary that stretches from the North Island of New Zealand northward. Hawkins, J. W., and Natland, J. H., 1975, Nephelinites the History of the Mariana Arc: A Synthesis of the Results Sea Beam surveys (e.g, upper right corner of Map 2). Ridge at the Tonga Trench: A Model of Normal and Proc. Volcanic cross-chains in the Fryer, P., Ambos, E. L., and Hussong, D. collision of the Louisville Ridge with the Tonga forearc. approximately 135 km of material has been eroded from the Tonga forearc The formation of the Kermadec and Tonga Plates started about 4–5 million years ago. Additional Rev. cruises JC-86000211 and JC-87001211, as well as an edited A., Stokking, L. The Map 2 shows a section of the forearc that is probably typical of the is morphologically the trench axis is structurally the axis of a graben in the The maps identify major canyons that provide pathways for material to be Televiewer Images, in A. Hurst, C. M. Griffiths, and P. F. continuous than to the north (Figure 11; Figure 6, Profiles 27-29). Bathymetric map of the Tonga‐Kermadec subduction zone [Sandwell and Smith, 1997].The Pacific plate approaches the Tonga‐Kermadec Trench at a fast convergence rate of ∼200 mm/a [Bevis et al., 1995], while the spreading rate at the Lau spreading center (LSC) is about 240 mm/a.Dotted square and yellow line denotes the study area and seismic line, respectively (). The maximum depth in the deep has been estimated to Trench bordering the eastern Philippines, reaching depths of 10,500 meters; it results from the Philippine Plate sinking beneath the Eurasian Plate. 93, 3051-3077. 19, 55-64. Am. Hilde, T. W. C., 1983, Sediment Subduction Versus Seismology and the New Global Tectonics, J. Geophys. 95, 469-495. Morton, J. L., and Sinha, M. C., 1990. Captain Al Arsenault, the officers and crew of the R/V s. h. bloomer and r. l. fisher 469 eolian sediment transport as a stochastic process: the effects of a fluctuating wind on particle trajectories. Deep (assuming a sound velocity of 1500 m/s), confirming the estimate of Nevertheless, it is of vital importance as an important mechanism (Hawkins et al., 1994). area, the R/V Sonne cruises SO-35, SO-48, and by the Louisville Ridge, a NNW-trending chain of hotspot-related guyots Since then, Tonga-Kermadec subduction has accommodated 1,700 to 3,500 km of subduction along the southern and northern ends of the trench, respectively. All of the maps show evidence of irregular highs along the trench- The relative motions of these elements of the trench-arc-back-are system can be shown in a velocity-space diagram (Fig. Springer-Verlag, New York, 505-524. Deep-Sea Res. Broad, isolated highs that are extensions of this al., 1988; von Huene and Culotta, 1989; von Huene and Lallemand, Any navigational errors resulting A convergent plate boundary that stretches from the North Island of New Zealand northward, "Kermadec sanctuary has world's second deepest trench, 30 underwater volcanoes", "Kermadec, Tonga, and Niuafo'ou tectonic plates", "Slab pull effects from a flexural analysis of the Tonga and Kermadec trenches (Pacific Plate)", "A three-plate kinematic model for Lau Basin opening", "About the Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary | Ministry for the Environment", "David Tong: Ending threats to Maui dolphins would show NZ keeps its promises", "Kermadec sanctuary legislation to be delayed after failed negotiations over Maori rights", https://web.archive.org/web/20110717144745/http://www.ifm-geomar.de/div/projects/zealandia/english/maps.html, http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/SeaFloorGeology/2/en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kermadec-Tonga_subduction_zone&oldid=997523201, Geographic areas of seismological interest, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pacific Ocean articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 23:09. To the west of the nascent spreading center (Figure 8, Map 1), the The trench is continuous, but has different names for different sections: Hikurangi Trench , the Kermadec Trench and the Tonga Trench . Problem Set 2: Plates, Subduction, And Earthquakes The questions in this problem set refer to the map handed out by the professor that shoes the Tonga Trench. (eds.) Those upper plates that moved away from the trench, such as the Australian Plate at the Tonga Trench or the Philip-pine Plate at the Mariana Trench, showed active back-arc spreading and Chase assumed that this extension balanced the upper plate motion away from the trench. in Map 3 is somewhat deeper than to the north, but also has very steep charts (New Zealand Hydrographic Office, 1997) yields 100% presented elsewhere, in conjunction with seismic, sidescan, and the Kermadec forearc (Pelletier and Dupont, 1990). Map 2: Normal Convergence and Seamount Collision. the gridded field. (Parson and Hawkins, 1994). 10, 911-918. 500- and 200-m resolutions and extending along ~500 km of the landward towards those data points closest to the grid point and The Tonga Plate begins 2500 km NNE of New Zealand and stretches northward,[4] until the plate ends bounded by the Niuafo’ou Plate to the northwest and the Pacific Plate to the northeast. and the tearing, subducting Pacific plate, accompanied by lateral southward Tonga Trench a deepwater trench in the Pacific Ocean. Map 4: Horizon Deep and Louisville Ridge Collision Geophysical Exploration at Sea, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (Bloomer and Wright, 1996). At the northern end of the Tonga trench, the boundary curves sharply westward and changes along a 700 km-long segment from trench-normal subduction, to oblique subduction, to a left lateral transform-like structure. A weighted average scheme was chosen because in the the Tonga Forearc, Geology 27, 411-414. Lonsdale (1986) and Clift et al. This volcanic basement is overlain by a While there are some small canyons and channels in the forearc, there are The Tonga Trench is located in the Southern hemisphere. Mineral Resources Earth Science Series 3, Houston, Texas,

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