the concept of cultural hegemony: problems and possibilities the concept of cultural hegemony: problems and possibilities

While there were glimmers of class consciousness that is, the application of lived experience to what social systems should be, and the growth of class-centered ideas aimed at ending exploitation the Italian peasants largely participated in their own subordination by subscribing to hegemonic values, by accepting, admiring, and even seeking to emulate many of the attributes of the superordinate classes.[14] Their desires, having little internal consistency or cohesion, even allowed the ruling class to make soldiers of peasants,[15] meaning active participation in maintaining oppressive power structures. 6 Each trope represents a different and equally legitimate mode of consciousness, which has in turn culturally formative consequences. Cultural hegemony gives good things or bad things to other countries because cultural hegemony destroys the other country culture. Note this offering characterizes cultural hegemony as a whole, but it is divided consciousness that permits hegemony to function. Argues that expansion in foreign markets is a vital part in the growth of america. The relationships between the elements in White's grid are elective at the conscious or unconscious choice of the historical writer. 159 0 obj This article is available from multiple Web sites. His writings put a kinder, gentler face to Marxism that appeals to modern Marxist to sugarcoat their message. <>stream This means that the relationship between language and ideology is dependent upon the nature of a particular discourse. Explains that unipolar politics: realism and state strategies after the cold war, by ethan b. kapstein and michael mastanduno. 0000009554 00000 n <>stream 157 0 obj cit., 56). The American Historical Review 90.3 (1985): 567-93. Hegemony is always considered to be a process (Gramsci, 1971). by Bouchard, D. F. (New York, 1977)Google Scholar; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings (New York, 1980)Google Scholar; White, Hayden, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (Baltimore, 1973)Google Scholar, The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality, Critical Theory, 7, 1, (Autumn 1980), 527Google Scholar, The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory, History and Theory, 23, 1, (1984), 133Google Scholar, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, Baltimore, (1978)Google Scholar, Structuralism and Popular Culture, Journal of Popular Culture, 7, (1974) 75975;Google Scholar. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[339.516 211.794 463.056 223.806]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> YSq@DIU8)m_H)gO2Y;%Q#f96(W-8XB(tp`MKh.?MH(JnpI[\2n@4RBT(j``6"Q@m6N9bc&KbdHb+fPaX,1Vo1WoJST63k,.hTuNK--1!Uj#M?f-C4%!ThH&.LVPKoqW@B`bPAhXGu$MJL`j@8%*qP'`"ahgQ<0kr&@+k_/lP&naEuXg6NlA]EHn!*R$F3k-bDh+-L)Lm:fRlP.-[.VSfe;Wmj!N%VAN:o8eq^CX+R>Y'M\m'n0Z;ROR&=o3sGF9'<0B)rsVn*%;XmocjFX_BUR*?It9YX]8]R==T12W6REo'[I#cmke##'/@s^L*)[>^sp88[`MZo1KaB!#$CT12mkN?HPDW#VV7QCQ1GYPE*H!k2/&S0*N;@Fl4kBNlM=^q)Ec5%W%/&;Wg9RSa_?'Varr#NX8G0a#tUPDf8W;c>eAn$K4YST&m4W[4SrGnorG'aD\.*8]BGJhDan8c(qXF1,Z`!op8N*#d7"qmA_2uT]QoZ&tHr<9@td$hlu*?]C$%2K&a4fJJEe+%4bajSWrXZN"tFB)=m(XR,FV2`c'6@KPsu_lKY2'TD-?Dd2.IS=Rk\AUu7m>`c'6@KPsu_lKY1(Y@+HGSc@t)0DMf5eQ9Xq?'XW&`E--uY58r@?%'? Among the most significant link between the masses and the elite is language use. endobj robert j. lieber, new jersey. Concludes that moral reasoning is shaped by culture and upbringing. I learned this the hard way when a lecturer severely censured for expressing my thoughts and asked why I was even in the program and suggested I drop out in my first course. the opposition to morality is closed-minded and unrealistic when it comes to the scope of a whole world full of different cultures and moral codes. In sum, for Gramscian thinkers divided consciousness is a demonstrable phenomenon that powers (and is powered by) hegemony and the acceptance of ruling class norms and beliefs. These actions, be they from academia, government or industry, attack the counter-narrative and protect the desired narrative by suppressing free speech through fear and intimidation. Lears, T. J. Jackson. WebConcept of Cultural Hegemony by T.J. Jackson Lears. HTN0+vB@Z BpqtvJMxRD(-nd@ endobj In this paper I intend to argue that moral reasoning. Explains that people are using social media to spread cultural hegemony. The American Historical Review, 90, 567-593. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860957 has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Parental Engagement in Childrens Learning: Moving on from Mass Superstition endobj Content may require purchase if you do not have access. trailer Lears further noted the evidence from sociologists Richard Sennett and Jonathon Cobb, whose subaltern interviewees could not escape the effect of dominant values despite also holding contradictory ones, as they deemed their class inferiority a sign of personal failure, even as many realized they had been constrained by class origins that they could not control.[2] A garbage collector knew the fact that he was not taught to read properly was not his fault, yet blamed himself for his position in society. WebLears, T.J J. WebThe Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibiliities by T. J. Jackson Lears Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. *-*a:9'De]$*Vo=SGG>dcu#>JZVagE$E+]"j6@u]BSY$eu44N$+XYMPSM$6jkrGb=1et7g"^B_S@1g'5O*b$j!lWUh%_Ih-NV\15D]&l>=NQ3>N#V;q)m0;?aVdlIff/d&QNJ!%`7VOE$*nj//Bp0[:GA;e7+M!a$#tjYkT,M0Ij0jhpWYm\E7!kS'S\tjkqKIuh)lee3@u_61;Q:jN4fTAiTXOg.d/a93_N/41bTnlM0%X25iL#)\Q?,%B=HZ8HK(5#-[K-1`f!rZ#q.lon%eT3Ro_"8WKKV,@mFmr(DFri^* endobj This essay looks at two paradoxes commonly found in everyday life: the individual versus the family and religion. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Part 1: Political MovementsMaskirovka and Words Hide Meanings, Part 3Controlling the Narrative and Cultural Hegemony, Part 6A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Wrapped inside an Enigma, Your email address will not be published. See Gramsci, 589, 10520. HtTA0 So perhaps some advocates say it is time to suppress the conservative side of the argument and give voice to the Black and liberal side. Upgrade to a modern browser Please select one of the following Web sites to access the article or view other options. rwvfv}+2]]mur! ILPMsyr^S#BIu0*p^zl9>6`t9qz|Vgwn, g)62o)5Yp=D&Nf(2VjRVNeY[e^gR,#h8:dUa&3'e,4hJ+Js6>Anlj>S?aC8[qJ#*7GN]fc"#-)F/nG/5>RnD6u0C5U`DEif"'GV%`IN?A3=Cu_7IrVnYpj:]?\3(FP:=G]Z[;G1$X"X(K_-)ehlahDLa"8g[f"*-sWd1-lO=!s0,Af89s`_-8LfLi/8Gl5%C`sB4ZPFiAGnbS>8!Zib"_fD_Z?F>Bi`$pYW[;=$.kYTo/3mXkCFD+F$7L?s'E=?iei!O1b*D7KMW>D@nI`kC;"kCQd,[%o@O&Mn^_XhaUEN7q(/@\A&=msV;Ya8Nor@O7EZ31Z?5XSk2>_04'(Z^@pGiD]='r,81MW@UgCC-4#/WmCE!=j"40YC[jZ)7oF_dtr%@.=uLb/6#I/.%In1;ELJWB0tCU1=Y&D. 0000004887 00000 n Moreover, the concept of the state and the role the concept of hegemony has in the analysis of the class struggle which takes on the character of intellectual struggle is considered. hegemonic institutions like government, churches, schools, and media provide ideas on how to live their lives. The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities T. J. Jackson Lears The American Historical Review, Volume 90, Issue 3, June 1985, Pages 567593, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/90.3.567 Published: 01 June 1985 PDF Split View Cite Permissions Share Issue Section: Articles Article PDF first page preview PDF 172 0 obj A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Upgrade to a modern browser ::>wb'BQ"Lc-9*Wdvak18Cs`P8M) ] Z47 i0 i0pG)LX jU*}(eDJ[F!wx\hB$wCyondE^?bG Opines that it is not wrong to say that americans are power hungry and necessitate security of that power. it is a model for different societies to imitate. <>stream WebThe Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities The American Historical Review You are using an outdated, unsupported browser. Alan Trachtenberg is most clear that the two centres of opposition in the late nineteenth century were the Populists and the working classes, see The Incorporation of America (New York, 1982).Google Scholar, 3 Foucault, Michel, The Order of Discourse, Inaugural Lecture at the College de France, 2nd December 1970. Artz, Lee, and Bren O. Murphy. WebLears, T. J. Perhaps others feel their desired goals are so good and so pure the end justifies the means. WebThe concept of hegemony needs considerable amplification and analysis before we can see at all clearly how it is to be applied or what claims it makes. The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities. <>stream Gray almost summed it up when he wrote, [N]or should behavior that apparently corresponds to dominant ideology be read at face value as a direct product of ruling class influence.. The theory of Hegemony is a theory proposed by Antonio Gramsci. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Problem:Its the wrong bookIts the wrong editionOther Details (if other): Cancel Thanks for telling us about the problem. 6 0 obj <>stream When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Historian T.J. Jackson Lears, summarizing sociologist Michael Mann, wrote that hegemony ensured values rooted in the workers everyday experience lacked legitimacy [W]orking class people tend to embrace dominant values as abstract propositions but often grow skeptical as the values are applied to their everyday lives. 10 Dec. 2013. Among the most significant link between the masses and the elite is language use. <> %%EOF Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The American Historical Review, 90, 567-593. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860957 has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Parental Engagement in Childrens Learning: Moving on from Mass Superstition xref The Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, writing in the early 1930s while imprisoned by the Mussolini government, theorized that ruling classes grew entrenched through a process called cultural hegemony, the successful propagation of values and norms, which when accepted by the lower classes produced passivity and thus the continuation of domination and exploitation from above. Whatever the motivation, they seem to use Antonio Gramscis cultural hegemony concept, although they turn it on its head. An ideology became hegemonic when it found support from historical blocs, alliances of social groups (classes, religions, families, and so on) meaning broad, diverse acceptance of ideas that served the interests of the bourgeoisie in a capitalist society and freed the ruling class from some of the burden of using outright force. HT0SX#=J_Z!Ai2=E|Ngg>~ scZ)Pg endobj White insists that the trope or linguistic prefigurative act then offers us only a limited range of modes of emplotment, argument and ideology with which to explain events and make sense of our culture Metahistory, (142). 23 The term passive revolution is defined by Gramsci as a form of hegemony whereby the masses are absorbed and neutralised by the bourgeoisie, thus preventing them from opposing the hegemonic class. Liberty may mean little to them and they may see the suppression of liberty as part of their objectives. 0 Indeed, Gramscis theory is powerful in that it has much utility for historians whether true or misguided. Opines that society's moral rules come from the collective experience of peoples and cultures in their search for stability, continuity, and harmony among persons of diverse interests, talents and preferences. 17 0 obj <>stream The Holmes' article focuses predominately on paradoxes within our own culture, many of which we don't notice. The concept of hegemony also reflects the relationship that develops between culture and force in capitalism (Jackson, 1985, p. 568). WebIn Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the dominance of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that societythe beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and moresso that the worldview of the ruling class becomes the accepted cultural norm. They have a chilling effect on any rational debate of ideas and run completely counter to a free society. The American Historical Review (1985),90 (3): 567. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860957. Gramsci was then detained in fascist jails from 1926 to 1937 (Santoro 278). Explains antonio gramsci's theory of hegemony, which is the explanation of how states use cultural institutions to maintain power. WebLears, T.J J. 0000007920 00000 n In his section on the The Intellectual and Notes on Italian History, in The Prison Notebooks Gramsci describes the complexities of hegemony in detail. Explains that hegemony is an idea that has prevalence in many ways. HMn0X4pUzH` JSTOR. Long Grove, IL: Waveland, 2010. 0000013028 00000 n A=\ 1 Andrew, Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy (London, 1886)Google Scholar; The Gospel of Wealth And Other Timely Essays (London, 1901)Google Scholar, The Empire of Business (London, 1902).Google Scholar, 2 The scholarly literature on the PopulistProducer culture has expanded markedly over the past decade. 0000031017 00000 n endobj Explains that apple's smart phone will make a culture, but is it really good? When commenting on the failure of the Populist movement, Lears mentioned stolen elections, race-baiting demagogues, and other events and actors with causal value. Abstract: Cultural Hegemony is a way to control the narrative on social issues and obscure their meaning. Copyright 2000-2023. Concept learning investigating the possibilities for a human-machine dialogue TECHNICAL REPORT Gabriela Pavel, TJ Jackson Lears: The Concept of Cultural Hegemony, The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities. They endorse the idea that everyone has an equal chance of success in America but deny it when asked to compare themselves with the lawyer or businessman down the street.[1] In other words, what individuals knew to be true from simply functioning in society was not readily applied to the nature of the overall society; some barrier, created at least in part by the process of hegemony, existed. Opines that michael was taken into custody, questioned, sentenced, and punished for the crimes he committed in singapore. Within each strategy there are four modes of representation. Take a sneak peek into this essay! Is it truly worth it to work under stressful conditions for minimum wage? 16 0 obj <>stream 162 0 obj 0000006233 00000 n Analyzes foucault's discussion of power and knowledge by discussing the changes in forms of punishment throughout history especially during the classical age. [13] The passivity wrought from divided consciousness provided an answer. WebCultural hegemony is a philosophical and sociological concept that deals with the dominance of a particular ruling/dominant social group over other social groups in a culturally diverse society. With Afghanistan, Biden Was in the Nation-building Trap. And He DidWell. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-dxv9z Furthermore the relationship between the meaning of hegemony and that of ideology is developed as well as that between consent and submission. endobj Furthermore the relationship between the meaning of hegemony and that of ideology is developed as well as that between consent and submission. Analyzes the power of the beauty myth to establish control and discipline through self-policing. endstream Explains that hegemony has been occurring since the early 8th century during greek rule. Disagrees with fleuhrlobban's conclusion that there is a universal, objective, moral truth. In order to diffuse both internal and international threats to hegemony, American leaders should work to pursue national interests within a framework of consensus and legitimacy as much as possible. Analyzes how fleuhr-lobban's cultural relativism and universal rights explains that there exist universal moral principles and human rights which supersede cultural relativism, as well as particular moral policies relative to cultures. So why do academia, industry, and interest groups vehemently suppress free speech and reasoned debate of ideas? WebIn Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the dominance of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that societythe beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and moresso that the worldview of the ruling class becomes the accepted cultural norm. They are direct violations of both the First Amendment and academic freedom. 0000025476 00000 n The American Historical Review, 90, 567-593. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860957 has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Parental Engagement in Childrens Learning: Moving on from Mass Superstition [`2XG%Kbf^`UtZ hDM$ErMKbrT5[%N! endobj endobj HSMo0WGRhl;4x%Z-GKm#G ! Divided (or contradictory) consciousness, according to Gramsci, was a phenomenon in which individuals believed both hegemonic ideology and contrary ideas based on their own lived experiences. The most recent previous treatment of White and his narratological theories of writing history is to be found in Ellis, Richard J. and Munslow, Alun, Narrative, Myth and the Turner Thesis, Journal of American Culture, 9, 2, (1986), 926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 8 Carnegie, , Triumphant Democracy, 442.Google Scholar, 9 Carnegie, , Gospel of Wealth, 11522.Google Scholar, 10 Carnegie, , Empire of Business, 113.Google Scholar, 11 Carnegie, , Gospel of Wealth, 55.Google Scholar, 12 Carnegie, , Empire of Business, 109.Google Scholar, 13 Carnegie, , Triumphant Democracy, 366.Google Scholar, 15 Carnegie, , Gospel of Wealth, 89.Google Scholar, 17 White, , Metahistory, 22.Google Scholar, 18 Carnegie, , Gospel of Wealth, 54.Google Scholar, 21 Carnegie, , Empire of Business, 5561.Google Scholar, 22 Carnegie, , Gospel of Wealth, 14243.Google Scholar. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[81.0 646.991 204.372 665.009]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Culture: Causes And Types Of Hegemonic Culture, Cultural Relativism And Cultural Imperialism, Of The Indivitual In Discipline And Punish By Michel Foucault, Hegemony In The Prison Notebooks: Case Study, Definition Essay - The True Meaning of Hegemony, American Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century: Consensus and Legitimacy, The American Empire: Exceptionalist Political, Economic, and Public Policies. My grandfather left the coal mines of Pennsylvania for Baltimore and a better life. The flip side of renaming an object (see part 2 of this series) is to control the narrative to prevent others from reasserting the objects original name and meaning or creating a different one. vandalism and stealing government property is wrong. The state functions on a number of dispositions which are hierarchical, naturalized and are the modes of power for the power elite. it allows for new ideologies to shift the power, allowing a new dominant group to rise. ), The Gospel of Wealth And Other Timely Essays, Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn, Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America, Roots of the American Working Class: The Industraliation of Crafts in Newark, 18001860, Working Class Community in Industrial America: Work, Leisure, and Struggle in two Industrial Cities, 18801930, American Working Class Culture: Explorations in American Labor and Social History, Working People of Philadelphia, 18001850, Mechanics and Manufacturers in the Early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 17801860, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 18501890, The Remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and Culture in an Industrializing City, 18771919, The Practice of Solidarity: American Hat Finishers in the Nineteenth Century, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 18651965, Michel Foucault, Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essqys and Interviews, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe, The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality,, The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory,, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities. Explains that hegemony shows about history. WebThe Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities T. J. Lears Published 1 June 1985 Art The American Historical Review TWENTY YEARS AGO THE ITALIAN COMMUNIST Antonio Gramsci was rarely discussed outside his native land; now he has become an intellectual cause celebre and in some quarters a cult hero. )C *U?5teAsdL7ShntA{0%B5#0jk[[@vH^@Y^sC>@\7iX]p#v8P; (nY Z:6T#+-'NrTsb_? Analyzes how holmes and holmes use the adage "not being able to see the forest through the trees" to refer to how hard it is for someone to study something they have largely taken for granted. bIp?muSV "Q A$[/c1%?-+6R1[Gq0`q ,9d5 s&Ha:'L CP3pp57d|6 {En.=X!irCM3#d2/;,"\%$C!Q7k"v.*@IMN_ However, for White the poetic function is the basis for all cultural activity. For Gramsci, Great importance is assumed by the general question of language, that is, the question of collectively attaining a single cultural climate, (his emphasis), op. Can cultural change be explained as a function of discourse? hb```b``Ie`e`g`@ 6 IX} vMelOs^nan#vKvm>,\\-00x $;DE3,Yg+S%5vIEVi*,z6Zyj%"^o]r27Y=Z#N^:m7};V|HYk A!5]7?p 6U V65QQFSXNA-"`j! JSTOR. WebThe Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities. <>stream Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Print. Explains that hegemonic masculinity is a vital element in contemporary capitalist western culture. Abstract: Cultural Hegemony is a way to control the narrative on social issues and obscure their meaning. Explains that there are many proponents of hegemony, but there is opposition to the idea. B,PKpyR/%w*d(YT2:`+JtO1f{y;gX~- " it was meant to delve deeper into the ideas that marx and engels had already established, focusing on the ideological part. Freedom of speech is under direct attack. 0000003359 00000 n 0 H The American Historical Review (1985),90 (3): 567. https://doi.org/10.2307/1860957. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[510.324 617.094 549.0 629.106]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The challenge of hegemonic theory and contradictory consciousness relates to parsing out aforementioned causes. Hegemony is defined by Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought as "Political and economical control exercised by a dominant class, and its success in projecting its own way of seeing the world, human and social relationships as 'common sense' and part of the natural order by those who are, in fact, subordinated to it." It will conclude that in the long-term, East Asian geopolitical instability poses the greatest threat to American hegemony, but that in the short-term, the hegemony will prove to be quite durable as long as the United States can counteract the phenomenon of imperial overstretch. 174 0 obj |txpyxXiLsfv1me@I5>YUa9BoDj'gt2'oz`Lmlt$3pX07y%YjNO |^ Moreover, the concept of the state and the role the concept of hegemony has in the analysis of the class struggle which takes on the character of intellectual struggle is considered. The first is about Americas exceptional global situation in which I will discuss the way in which America has made itself exceptional and held on to that position. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Explains that gender scholars examine hegemonic masculinity as the narrowly constrained expectations for mens appropriate behaviour. Among the books discussed over the duration of the course, the most recurrent theme has been the dominance of power relationships and the construction of institutions driven by power. Among the most significant link between the masses and the elite is language use. Explains that the american congress has no nearby partner in the self-sufficient power that it practices as an aggregate entity. Explains that political culture is a designed method for thinking about political life that is imparted by various individuals, compasses the generations, and rejects different qualities and traditions. 0000021152 00000 n Before Gramsci came up with hegemony, he was a Marxist. Throughout much of American history, culture hegemony took the form of cultural assimilation and the American Dream. Explains that hegemony is an idea that can be applied from microcosm to macrocosm anywhere in the world. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[145.74 211.794 298.944 223.806]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Culture no longer is, as with the analyses of the classical sociologists, an apparatus of socialization and exchange of values within the social. Explains that the separation of powers alludes, regardless, to the work in the definitive record of legislative, executive, and judicial capacities to different institutions, independently constituted. Our government and society suppressed Black voices through at least the 1950s and the start of the Civil Rights Era. 0000029334 00000 n People have even fired for saying All lives matter rather than Black Lives Matter (BLM). Print. Gramsci was a Marxist writer in the pre-World War II years who rebelled against Mussolinis fascist government. This article is available from multiple Web sites. The second part is about the effects and implications of Americas exceptional position on the world. Register, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In spite of the voluminous literature on Gramsci, remarkably little attention has been devoted to identifying the precise meaning (or meanings) he assigned to what is, arguably, the key concept of his mature Analyzes how gramsci's idea of hegemony is used to explain the subjugation of women. endstream Jannis Panagiotidis. <>stream The central question in the achievement of hegemony is precisely how intellectual and ideological leadership is established. Hegemony is the process in which a dominant group gains for its own interests the approval of a subordinate class through the use of intellectual, moral, and cultural encouragement (Mascia-Lees 151). [18] Traditions and cultural realities could limit hegemonic possibilities; its just as important to historians to understand why something does not work out as it is to comprehend why something does. 16 January 2009. Lears, T. J. Jackson. Lears, T. J. Jackson. Articles and monographs continue to multiply. Argues that the idea that nation-states would surrender their power interests to a benign superpower flies in the face of traditional realist international relations. There was also direct support for BLM and CRT. It may make it impossible for potentially oppositional groups to articulate their problems, Lears, T. J.Jackson, The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities, The American Historical Review, 90, 3 (06, 1985), 56970CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Explains that the american political framework has experienced considerable progressions in the last half century, re-displaying the presidency, congress, and national political parties without exasperating fundamental characteristics of the political request.