Any unpaid principal is carried over to a future year and is taxed in the future. She formerly served as a delegate and Southeast Area Young Cooperator Steering Committee member. The organization is run for producers, by producers. Careers. The family milks 200 registered Holsteins at Wil-San Farm and farms 300 acres, growing alfalfa and corn. Once the feed inventory is reduced the remaining herd may be sold and then you may consider selling or renting the land as it is no longer required. Martin joined DFA in 2018 after a 25-year career with Fonterra Co-Operative Group and other New Zealand dairy cooperative companies, where he most recently directed a joint venture partnership, expanding Fonterras global strategy and footprint in Russia and CIS markets. &,WfbO?Euk@xB|cW^~$=xa+fUnlekDYk[TKJg++? John holds leadership positions on the Ohio Dairy Board and the American Dairy Board. Kristine has been a member of the Minnesota Milk Producers Association, the Minnesota Dairy Leaders Roundtable, DFA Young Cooperators and served as president of Bethany Lutheran Church. He, along with his son, James, and his daughter, Lela, now milk 4,000 cows in three barns and farm 5,000 acres. Welcome to Dairy Farmers of Canada A merger between Dairy Farmers of America and Dean Foods could impact hundreds of thousands of dairy . Our Cooperative | DFA Milk - Dairy Farmers of America Farm income averaging (Schedule G) can be considered to fill back years lower bracket amounts and possibly keep the current years income from being taxed in higher tax brackets. xref Glanbia nutritionals Learn more about us. Prior to coming to DFA, he spent 15 years with Dean Foods, holding several positions, including regional chief financial officer and vice president of finance for the Fresh Dairy Direct Division. Manufacturers In determining the site for the new facility, St. Johns was selected due to the growing supply of milk in the region, the transportation infrastructure in the region, proximity to customers, and the positive business environment and strong local workforce reputation in the region. 0000002160 00000 n Being raised livestock they also have a zero tax-basis so the entire sale amount is taxable. DFC's goal is to create favourable operating conditions for the Canadian dairy industry. Home | DFA Milk [2], DFA was formed in 1998 through the merger of four dairy cooperatives: the Southern region of Associated Milk Producers Inc.; Mid-America Dairymen Inc.; Milk Marketing Inc.; and Western Dairymen Cooperative Inc.[3] Since then, five other cooperatives have become a part of DFA Independent Cooperative Milk Producers Association, Valley of Virginia Milk Producers Association, California Cooperative Creamery, Black Hills Milk Producers and Dairylea Cooperative Inc.[4][5][6][7] Its headquarters from 1998 until 2017 was near Kansas City International Airport in Kansas City, Missouri. In 2010, Byron received the UDIA Service Award for 10 years of dedicated service. If there are insolvency issues that involve possible bankruptcy you need to work with legal and tax professionals familiar with bankruptcy tax laws. How you wind down is dependent on the financial position, strength and liquidity or working capital along with what the creditors will agree to. Prior to DFA, he worked at McCormick & Company. Larkin operates Oakmulgee Dairy in partnership with his two sons, Jeremy and Brandon, who are both active in DFAs Young Cooperator program. Handyhills milks 120 cows and has 1,000 acres of corn, beans, alfalfa and grass for forage. Department of Justice antitrust officials announced a settlement Friday to allow Dairy Farmers of America to buy the bulk of Dean Foods Co.'s milk plants out of bankruptcy, merging the nation's . In May 2020 that deal was finalized and the acquisition was completed. Central. If the sale can straddle two years it is easier to manage the potential tax liability. Dairy producers fund its operation, including promotional activities. Brad entered the dairy industry on the processing side of the business, where he worked at Sorrento Cheese and was responsible for purchasing and milk procurement. @@@@A@@@@AAAACBAAAAAABBBAAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCBBBBCCBBA@@@AA@@AAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBABBCCBBAABBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDCCCCCDDDCCDDCCBBCCDDDDEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCDDEEFFGGFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHGGGGFFGGGFFEEDFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDEEEEDDCCCCBBBBAAAAAAAA?>>====>===<. Larry and his family started dairying in Muleshoe, Texas, in 1978, with one heifer that calved in the truck. They are kept back by the cooperative as equities or retains to provide capital to build and carry on business activities. The farming operation includes 1,600 acres of wheat, corn and sorghum. Pat has worked for DFA since 2009 and has held a variety of leadership roles, including president of DFAs legacy Fluid Milk and Ice Cream Division. In 2017, Danelle was recognized in Ingrams magazine 40 Under Forty list. This will allow you to shift to a different type of farm and manage the tax liability while maintaining income and cash flow. John served on the Corporate Resolutions Committee for 11 years and served on the Northeast Area Council for three years. This will spread out the sales taxable gains and use up the remaining feed inventory. John has served as vice president of the New Mexico Dairy Producers board and as secretary for DFAs Southwest Area Council, where he has been active on the corporate Fluid Marketing and Public Policy Committee, as well as the hauling, membership, finance and plant committees. << Dairy board representing Dairy Management Inc. Leroy joined his father in dairying in 1970. Gain from dispositions of certain depreciable property, depreciation recapture. """"##$$%%%%%%%%%%$%&&&&&&''&&&&'''()**+**++++,--///000011111111111100/0012333333333433332222334566689:;;:989999::::888999999::;;;;;;<<<<=======>>>>????????????@@@@ABBCCCCBCCCCCCCCAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAABBAAAA@@@@AAAABBBBAAAA@@ABBBA@??@@AAAA@@A@@@@?????@AAA@@ABCBA@ABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABCBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCBBBBAA@@ABBDDDCCCCCCCCCDDDDEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCBBBDDDDDDDDBBCCCCBBBBBAAAAA@@@@??? He also grows wheat and corn for silage, raises all his own replacement stock and farms almond trees on 900 acres. In addition, they plant row crops and hay on more than 1,000 acres and manage 850 acres of pastureland. Harold and his wife, Bet, a longtime elementary teacher, are the sixth generation on their family farm. The sale of buildings and improvements with a 20-year depreciable life or longer are covered by IRS 26 U.S. Sect. Have courage to look to a new future with new challenges. In 2007, Melvin and his wife, Kelley, started Medeiros Holsteins to diversify their operations and capitalize on the opportunity to market milk through DFA. Keith has been a Hico School trustee for 21 years. PDF INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF COOPERATIVES: Distributions, Retains The update to PMVAP and the new ODMAP will enable USDA to better support small . 0000003893 00000 n May 15, 2019. At Dairy Farmers of Canada, delicious milk is just the beginning. DFA markets members' raw milk and sells milk and derivative products ( dairy products, food components, ingredients and shelf-stable dairy products) to wholesale buyers both domestically and abroad. Breeding cows, bulls and horses are an exception and must be held two years to generate long-term capital gain. They also raise grain, sorghum and grass forages. <]>> Dan and his partner, Clayton Winger, milk 3,600 cows and raise their heifers in southwest Kansas. 0000002362 00000 n Kristen joined DFA in 2007 as a communicationsassociate and has served in a variety of roles within the communications team. David also serves as the town supervisor for the town of French Creek and is the chairman of the administrative board for his local church. Additionally, Gary serves as president of the California Creamery Operators Association. He was awarded the Pride of Dairylea Award in 2006, and his operation, Cabhi Farm, has been named a Dairy of Distinction by the Northeast Dairy Farm Beautification Program for 25 years. In addition, he serves on the National Milk Producers Federation board and the Nebraska Dairy Council. He previously participated in DFAs Young Cooperators program and served as a delegate for DFA. On Fair Hope Farms, they care for nearly 200 livestock, milk about 70 cows and manage a broiler operation. As chief food safety officer, Rob leads the Cooperatives enterprise food safety, quality and regulatory services functional area. Six robotic milkers and an automatic calf feeder are currently used on the third-generation dairy. Alan is also a member of DFAs Executive Committee. Dairy Farmers of America, Inc. 3.2 . Dairy Farmers of Canada - Wikipedia Website. Tom is a fourth-generation dairy farmer. A detailed balance sheet should be developed for each business entity. In her current role, she leads DFAs government affairs and industry relations and oversees the Cooperatives sustainability strategy and farm practices team. All policy, marketing, nutrition and market research activities were regrouped under the newly formed organization, which retained the name "Dairy Farmers of Canada". In his current role as chief operating officer of the Western Area, Gary is responsible for the overall business operations of the Area. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, As executive vice president and chief financial officer, Kevin is responsible for all finance and accounting functions, along with information technology and internal audit, and works closely with operating divisions on financial matters. When fully operational, this 375,000 square foot facility built on a 120-acre lot will employ 260 local people and will process more than 2.9bn pounds of milk from local farmers into more than 300m pounds of block cheese and 20m pounds of value-added whey protein powders each year. Divided into seven geographic Areas, our grassroots structure ensures every member is represented through elected farmer-leaders at all levels of Cooperative governance. /BitsPerComponent 8 If you would like to help, donate to DFA CaresHERE. In her current role of vice president leading the Ethics and Compliance Department, she is responsible for promoting a culture of integrity and ethical decision-making throughout the organization. Danelle manages DFAs relationships with its lenders, investors and rating agencies. 0000000016 00000 n They have 150 registered Holsteins on their 200-acre farm, Southern-Hills Holsteins. Dairy Farmers of America, Inc. is an equal employment employer and is committed to providing employment opportunities to minorities, females, veterans, and disabled individuals. But this technique should only be done if it is financially feasible and does not place the operation into further debt or loss situations. He has been a member of the Wayne County Farm Bureau, Ohio Holstein Association, Holstein Association USA and St. Marys Church. He joined DFA in 2012 and has held various roles, including director of operations and chief operating officer of the Southeast Area. more products. A gross profit is calculated as the sale price minus the cost basis including recaptured depreciation on the complete sale. It works to influence public policies that will maintain the viability of Canadian dairy producers and promotes the health benefits of dairy products. >> Due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) the new tax law C-corporations are typically going to have a single tax rate of 21% for the sale of assets which is different than how many other business structures will be treated. KANSAS CITY, Kan., Sept. 15, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Dairy Farmers of America (DFA), a national dairy cooperative with more than 11,500 family farmers, has been selected to receive up to $45 million . @@@@@@@@@AAABBAA@@AABBAAAA@@AAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCBBBBCCBBA@@@AA@@AAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBABBBBBBAAAABBBBCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCDDDCCCCCBBACCDDDDEEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDEEEGGFFFFGGFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHGGGGFFGGGFEDDDFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEECDDEEDDCCBBBBAAA@@@@@@@@?>======<== ! DFA is an organization of local, family farmers from across the country, which means that we're owned by the family farmers we passionately serve. Family involvement is key to his operations success the family strives for high-end genetics and high-quality milk from their herd. The entire sale amount is taxable since the tax-basis is zero and is entered in Part I of Form 4797. 0000005180 00000 n Special note on Trade-ins: Sale amounts above the original acquisition price or basis will also be considered as depreciation recapture on post-1999 traded-in items used in the sold assets acquisition before long-term capital gain will be allowed. % Andrew joined DFA in 2012 and has since served in various roles within the Legal Department. The farm also consists of 1,800 acres of crops, a milling company, custom harvesting, custom heifer raising and manure injection businesses. to provide capital for the creation of new co-ops and to help . Senior Vice President and Chief Communications Officer. Description Mayfield Dairy is a farmer-owned brand of Dairy Farmers of America (DFA), a dairy marketing cooperative owned by more than 12,500 family farmers. Dairy Export Council. @AAAA@BCDCBABCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCDCCCCCCCCBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEDDDDCCBBBBCDEFDDDCCCCCDDDEEEEEFFFFEEEEFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDCCEEEEEEEEDDEEEEDDCCCCBBBBBBA@?>==@?>=<<<<<< !"" USDA Announces Additional Assistance for Dairy Farmers In partnership with his brother, Randy, and nephew, Russ, they milk 100 Holstein cows and farm 1,200 acres of corn, soybeans, wheat, grass and alfalfa on their century farm, O-Rich Dairy. On February 1, 1994, Dairy Farmers of Canada merged with the Dairy Bureau of Canada, the national non-profit organization responsible for the overall promotion of Canadian dairy products. It is important for an owner to give these issues consideration when planning for the future. They raise their replacement heifers on a feedlot and grow hay, barley, wheat, potatoes and corn on 8,000 acres. He fosters an environment where people are engaged and empowered to deliver on our mission to deliver value to our family farm-owners as a global dairy cooperative. Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer, and Secretary. Make sure the dairy you buy comes from Canadian farms and supports our farmers. Bryan is the secretary of the Mideast Area Council and a board member of the Dairy Marketing Program Scholarship Committee at Michigan State University. The sale price of an asset minus the current tax-basis equals the gain. A recent initiative by the organization was to have dairy products that contained 100 percent Canadian dairy products indicated by using a specific label that states, "100% Canadian milk". Other variations of this option run from being employed back as a manager to having a multi-year lease back. We're always looking for new ways to bring the joys of dairy to families like yours. All three of Melvins sons work on the 1,600-cow dairy, with his two oldest also owning their own dairies. Buster also has 12,000 acres of ranch land where he raises beef cattle and buffalo. May 2006 - Present16 years 9 months. He serves as chairman of United Dairy Industry Associations board, is on the National Milk Producers Federation board and is on the Innovation Center for U.S. Prior to joining DFA, Jackie spent nearly 15 years in Washington, D.C. as a congressional aide and then representing agricultural interests before Congress and regulatory agencies. [4], The Dairy Farmers of Canada "Quality Milk" logo is used to help consumers identify products that contain 100% Canadian milk and Canadian dairy products. That means no matter where you live, there's sure to be a DFA family farm just around the bend. This a good option if the remaining debt repayment obligations can be serviced with the income from cropping the land or renting the land. In fourth place now is Danone, having been. They have a 400-cow-and-calf beef operation and raise 275,000 chickens. """"##$$%%%%%%%%%%$%%%&&&&''&&&&'''())****++++,-.///00001111111111110000112333333333333332222234556689:;;:989999::::99999:::::;;<>>>???????????@@@@AABBCCCDDCDDDCCDDDBAAAA@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAABBAAAA@@@@AAAABBBBAAAA@@BBBBA@??@AABBAA@AAA@@@@??@AABAAAABCBA@ABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAABBCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDCCCCBBBA@@@AADDDCCCCCCCCDDDDEEEEEDDDDDDDDDDDDFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEDDDDEEEEEEEEDDDCCCCBDDDDDDDDBCCDDCCBBBBBAAAAA@@@?? Bill, a third-generation dairy farmer, has been dairying since 1980. 681 0 obj<> endobj The family raises all young stock on the dairy and has incorporated a small beef operation as a result of Angus crosses. Randy previously served on the National Dairy Promotion and Research Board, as well as 20 years on his church council. Any farm sale is inherently complex and the topics are interrelated. 0000006109 00000 n They milk on four dairies, approximately 350 cows on each, and raise all of their own replacement heifers. Commissioning operations at MWC will take place over the next eight months and will see the initial 1m pounds of milk per day increase to its designed capacity of 8m pounds per day. That direct, personal connection to the farm makes each bowl of ice cream even sweeter and that's why This Mark Matters. Dairy Farmers of America hiring Sr. Plant Engineering Manager in Grand Sweet Meadows has been named a Dairy of Distinction by the Northeast Dairy Farm Beautification Program for more than 20 years. . Photos: Milk donation Employees of Remarkable Liquids repackage milk into boxes on Tuesday, May 12, 2020, in Guilderland Center, N.Y. Price Chopper/Market 32 partnered with dairy farm cooperative, Dairy Farmers of America, Garelick Farms and Remarkable Liquids to donate and repackage nearly 5,000 gallons of milk that will then be donated to the Regional Food Bank of Northeastern New York. The family markets breeding stock nationally and internationally, and has sold cattle and embryos worldwide. Dairy Farmers of America, Inc. Careers and Employment In addition to his duties as second vice chairman of DFAs Board of Directors, Dan is a member of DFAs Executive Committee, a member of the National Milk Producers Federation board and is the chairman of DFAs Southwest Area Council and the Greater Southwest Agency. Life with DFA; What is a Cooperative; Students and Graduates; . Check out the MSU Dairy Management Program! Bruce currently serves as a director on the Pennsylvania Dairy Promotion Program board. /Type/XObject Dfa Addressed in this article are some critical areas with the major tax consequences if the decision is made to sell a dairy farm. Chris, his wife, Mary, and son, Stratton, own and operate two Holstein dairies in Fort Morgan, Colo., where they milk 5,600 cows and farm 900 acres. Alex joined DFA in 2006 andhasservedin numerous roles during his tenure, includingpreviously serving as DFAs chief legal officer. Dairy Outstanding Dairy Farm Sustainability Award in 2016. Cooking with kids: a delicious way to have fun! It is important to understand that each farm and situation is unique so this short article will discuss points in general terms. Additionally, he serves as secretary of DFAs Board of Directors. Brian and Ranell have four children. ""##$$%%&&%%%%%%%%%$$$$%&&((''''((()**++++***+,-/0..///00001111222222222211234455555555555444444455678889:;;:989999:::::::;;;;;:;;<<<<<<=====>>>>>>????@@@@@@@@AAAABBBBCCBBBCDDEDCBBCDEBBBBAAAAAAAAAAAA@@@@@AAABBAAAA@@@@AAAABBBBAAAA@@BBCCBA@@AABBBBAABAAAA@@@? Edward is responsible for the overall business and profit and loss for the Beverage and Dairy Foods Division. Fitch Affirms Dairy Farmers of America at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable If not, the member may have 3 capital retained at a higher rate than the mem-ber who is closer to being fully invested, or be asked to make a direct cash investment to achieve parity. Kent and his brother operate Herman Dairy Farm, and they are assisted by Kents son, Colby, and son-in-law, Clayton, in milking 450 cows. Professor Jim Hilker explores the significant unintended tax consequences that can result from selling dairy farm assets. 8% of Dairy Farmers of America employees are Black or African American. He has been with DFA since 2008, serving in a variety of roles, including DFAs corporate controller, director of internal audit and senior vice president of finance. With more than 25 years of experience managing human resources functions, Jack leads DFAs Human Resources Department as chief people officer. Every time you shop for groceries, just look for the logo. There may be clauses within loan documentation that will allow the bank to call in any debt you owe if they feel that: 1) you are divesting of property the bank may hold in collateral or. The Medicare portion of SE is taxed at 2.9 percent for all self-employed income even above $132,900. Dennis also previously served as senior vice president and chief operating officer for three of DFAs Area operations the Mideast, Mountain and Western Areas. Gain from dispositions of certain depreciable property. 1 0 obj Once you have identified your business structure(s) you should develop a detailed balance sheet. The Pattens are third-generation dairy farmers and have two children. In addition to his role with DFA, Tim sits on the boards for Dairy Products Institute of Texas, Southwest Cheese and Southwestern Cooperative Marketing Agency. He has held senior positions in finance, operations, marketing, strategy, mergers and acquisitions, sales and general management. [3], In January 2019, the federal government of Canada gave $2.7 million to the organization. Andrew currently serves as senior vice president, chief legal officer, and general counsel of DFA. The variety of creative exit options can be dramatically different from one another depending on your needs, flexibility and the prospective buyers/renters needs and capabilities. 1245. Craig, along with his wife, Katharine, son, Cameron, and daughter, Cali, owns and operates a 550-cow dairy farm. Fri 15 Nov, 2019 - 5:02 PM ET. 22-Oct-2020 Fitch Ratings - Chicago - 15 Nov 2019: This is a correction of a press release published earlier today. We will attempt to explain some of the potential tax liability issues that may arise when selling dairy farm assets as there are significant tax consequences that need to be managed. Consideration of the installment sale treatment of certain assets and leasing of other assets based on how they are taxed may warrant some consideration. The sale of purchased breeding stock (heifers, cows and bulls) are covered by IRS U.S. Code Sect. We are a purpose-driven cooperative, working to enrich communities and consumers' lives through all the possibilities of dairy. (2016). The Hulls grow corn and hay, and they also raise angus calves and replacement heifers. DAIRY FARMERS OF AMERICA Richmond, IN Posted: March 04, 2023 Full-Time Job TitleMaintenance Manager LocationRichmond, Indiana Description The Maintenance Manager provides leadership and direction to plant maintenance function of a 24-hour, 7 day a week operation. Previously, Corey filled the roles of senior director of sales, marketing and operations; director of marketing and operations and Idaho area manager. Working At Dairy Farmers of America - Zippia The sale of these raised cows and bulls are taxed as long-term capital gain, which is taxed at a lower tax rate. Milking Profits: The Dairy Monopolies That Are Hurting Farmers The sale of different assets may require coming to an agreement with the other party on how to allocation the sale amount. The gain is equal to the sale price, net of selling costs, minus the cost-basis (purchase price or inherited basis less any building depreciation claimed in earlier years). Prior to joining DFA in 2015, Jeff spent 29 years with Dean Foods in various roles, including vice president of IT corporate functions. Bryan, a second-generation dairy farmer, milks 225 cows on 500 acres on his farm in Fenwick, Mich. Bryan took over Hull Dairy Farm LLC with his wife, Janet, in 1976, and their two daughters and grandkids now help with day-to-day operations. At Dairy Farmers of America, we're proud to share the simple pleasures of real dairy straight from our family farms. 816-801-6200. The Net Investment Tax issue may arise (assuming there is not a change in tax law) when the owner decides to sell assets such as land long in the future. Associated Milk Producers, Inc.; Mid-America Dairymen, Inc.; Milk Marketing, Inc.; and Western Dairymen Cooperative, Inc. Byron, along with his wife, DeDee, daughter, MeLissa, and son-in-law, Steven, farms 1,000 acres of land and milks 230 cows on Le-Dr Dairy. Claudia Haar, left, and husband Jonathan Haar, farmer-members of Dairy Farmers of America. Greg is a Mideast Area Legislative Committee member and an American Dairy Association Mideast board member. James H. Hilker - Ivy Lakes Dairy, formerly Hathorn Farms, has been named a Dairy of Distinction by the Northeast Dairy Farm Beautification Program since 1980 and has been recognized by the Empire State Milk Quality Council with the Super Milk Award since 1998. College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), department of agricultural food and resource economics. Originally called the Canadian Federation of Milk Producers, it was part of the National Dairy Council (an organization representing dairy processors). Thats why DFA is committed to helping where we can through our DFA Cares Foundation, which was created by our family farmer-owners to help meet this increased need. For example, growing crops create a taxable ordinary income for the seller and deductible basis in the crop for the buyer. We are positioned to move forward, addressing together the challenges of an increasingly dynamic, volatile and global industry. Dean serves on the local school board and is a graduate of the LeadNY program. Since joining DFA in 2008, Jackie has led the Cooperatives public policy efforts and has played an active role in member services and community initiatives. And because our Cooperative is owned by our farmers, they're personally invested in every product, decision and step we take as an organization.