He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents.
Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Click the title for location and availability information.
Primary Sources - Research Guides at Library of Congress Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius.
Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale Websites. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. . The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Editor: Paul Halsall. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools.
Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. onwards. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. He was, however, defeated. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all .
Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Copyright statement. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. The Steamboat Adventure. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures.
Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po.
Social War | Roman history | Britannica Revised on November 11, 2022. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. A primary source (also called original . Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible.
Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. By. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. J. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Primary Source 10.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp.
Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found.
A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship.
The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship.
Sallust - Spartacus Educational [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. They are often based on primary sources. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus.
Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way..
Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear.